After reading a few journal articles, textbooks, youtube, conference articles, and wikipedia, I am surprised that Wikipedia is more accurate. Journals, despite mentioning traffic congestion, do not give a definite answer and each journal comes up with their own definition without even comparing with other definitions. Most do not even mention traffic jam. Textbooks on traffic engineering, I borrowed two from UMS library, and other textbooks downloaded, none bother to define what traffic congestion and traffic jam are. Not even the Highway Capacity Manual define traffic congestion and traffic jam.
The best answer that I find is from Wikipedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_congestion
"Traffic congestion is a condition on transport that as use increases, and is characterised by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queueing.
...
As demand approaches the capacity of a road (or of the intersections along the road), extreme traffic congestion sets in. When vehicles are fully stopped for periods of time, this is colloquially known as a traffic jam or traffic snarl-up."
Youtube is the most creative. In 2016 someone uploaded a system of u-turns, without any bridge or crossing, can implement a 4-way intersection (junctions).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JHuSgvfbVtw
Published on 8 Aug 2016
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